Additional Tips:
The key to making
more accurate measurements is to slow down the rate of changing temperature of
the probes. The slower the probe's temperature increases, the more
accurate is the basic assumption that the probe is in a state of thermo
equilibrium..
Sand Cryostat:
Heat loss will be
primary though the top surface of the sand. A way to help reduce this is
to use some fiberglass insulation. A little insulation between the top of
the sand, and the lid of the cryostat will make quite a difference. One
needs to take extra precautions if using the fiberglass insulation with liquid
nitrogen. It is very easy for beads of liquid nitrogen to become trapped
within the fiberglass. If the fiberglass is handled with bare hands, it
could appear to be at room temperature, but if squeezed, would force the liquid
nitrogen out, like water out of a sponge
Four Point Probes:
The four point
probes can also be improved by very carefully bending the cable so that the open
face of the probe is parallel to the top surface of the sand. The
reasoning behind this is that the superconductor pellet thickness is
approximately 5mm. Hence any gradient in the sand's temperature that
corresponds to a change in depth, will be minimalized.
Ice Water Bath:
By using two
separate containers, one placed inside another, a more constant temperature of
0ºC can be achieved. The inner container would have crushed ice, water and
the reference junction. The outter container, would consist of larger
cubes of ice, and just enough water to float the ice. It is important that
the inner container is as completely surrounded by the ice as possible.
Ideally this means both on the sides, and the bottom. If possible, it is
best to use a piece of Styrofoam to cover the top, as to insulate your bath from
the outside room temperature.
Two point probes (thermocouple
probes):
These are the most difficult probes to try to
insulate. Unlike the Four Point Probes that can be buried out of sight in
the sand, these require the user to visually watch and observe the temperature
at which the Meissner effect disappears. The best method for performing
this experiment, is to use a small thick plastic pyrex petri dish. Place
the probe in the center of the dish, then using large grained washed sand,
completely surround the probe, such that the top of the probe is level with the
top surface of the sand. Slowly add the liquid nitrogen to the sand, until
the sand and probe are complete immersed. Carefully place the small
cylindrical magnet over the probe, then place a small clear plastic cup over the
probe, magnet, and some of the sand The edges of the cup can be
buried in the sand somewhat. Just as long as there is still space between
the lip of the cup and the bottom of the dish. The reason for the space
would be to allow the nitrogen gas to slowly seep out, instead of building
up.